It is not easy with lower marks. I suggest you search for an RA job and try to publish then you will have a better chance. The other option is like PhoenixFortune said to do another Master. You can try with your current profile but it will be difficult.

There is no such a programme which is meant for graduates with non technical background. Just explore the programmes and apply with a good cover letter and I am sure you will be accepted at one of them.

Knowing what to do after PhD is not that critical as it looks. What would be wrong is to start a PhD because you have nothing else to do.
But if you love science, doing a PhD might be a good choice. You do not have to choose a "perfectly" matching subject. If you want to stay in a certain geographical location, a bit of compromise is expected. You do not have to choose between career and life style. You can sacrifice half of each. For example, some commute (one to two hours) with a job or PhD which satisfies you 60-80% would be nice. After Corona, commute will be the new normal as allowing employees to have a considerable time working from home would be not unusual.
One pro for PhD is that if you complete a PhD, you will have a chance to work in research institution or in a company that does some decent work utilising your education and knowledge. It is still possible with a Bachelor but with PhD the chances are higher.

I think you can just try to forget about him and apply everywhere. If I were you, I won't put this institution as a top priority.

I am sorry to hear this. You supervisor is not God and he does not control the universe. Even if you do not believe in God, he/she is a just a person. You do not need to apply at the same institution. But if you want to go to the same institution, just apply.
Just for curiosity, is you supervisor a woman? It has occurred to me that the worst manager/employee supervisor/student relationships are woman/woman. It turns often to personal which is a double-edged sword.

Hi. I agree with EM89. Focus to get things done. Major corrections is not a bad outcome. Also too much escalating can lead to worse outcome.

You can ask further questions but based on my experience, he will never reply. This is the final reply and he will not (and he does not have to) explain more. It is sad but it is what it is. Fund or pandemic it does not matter. Just move on and apply somewhere else. Meanwhile in a few months try to reach him out asking if the situation changes, although it is quite rare to reconsider applicants after rejection.

Hi. I do not think it goes this way. You do not have to know someone in Germany to get the visa. You have to show available funds in a Germany "blocked" bank account. Please check the following link
https://www.auswaertiges-amt.de/en/einreiseundaufenthalt/02-lernen-und-arbeiten/sperrkonto-seite

Although they might seem pretty similar, but I usually prefer the standard degree over "non standard" degrees. I do not like it when I have to explain my degree if it is not standard. Also the standard PhD gives you mobility outside the UK also if you want to shift the field a bit.

I agree with em, pm, and rewt. I would add that I were you, I separate two questions:
1. Do I want to continue? what is the point of completion, what am going to do after finishing?
2. Can I really finish?
If the answer to question 2, is really no and you need to "repeat" your PhD in one way or another, I would advise quitting. But if what you have done is satisfactory in terms of data collections and analysis, I would consider writing what I have already and try to finish it whatever comes next. It took me five years thinking of quitting and eventually fund ran out and left without PhD. You are not alone. No need to regret anything but think carefully.

This should not happen with parents. With siblings it could happen that some competition occurs. If it happens with all those, the problem might be that they feel you are too proud of yourself so they try to stop you but it might be an over correction. Try being more modest and see if this changes.

Have you thought to ask the question in researchgate? You are more likely to get an answer.

I am sorry you are going through the "traditional" dilemma. No funding means no PhD. In this stage of research where you are starting your career in research by pursuing a PhD, it should not be expected from you to find the funding. If the supervisor accepted you on condition you will find funding, it does not look for me like a real acceptance. If I were you, I would search for another opportunity and do not waste my time with this supervisor. It is like getting a job offer which states you are not going to get a salary unless you directly bring profit to the company.