1. Your MPhil grade will matter, but more the overall grade, rather than individual modules.
2. Your proposal is important, but so are your previous grades.
3. No. You need to do well in your subject area. A B is probably ok though.
4. You can apply for a PhD before you finish your MPhil
5. You don't need a masters to apply for a PhD in some fields, but it does help

I've found most academics to be quite left leaning...

sometimes they just give a 5% mark reduction for missed deadlines

You need to get references from your employer and previous university if possible. You will need to check for funding and scholarships available from sites like findaphd.com

I'm in a similar situation to you: 4th year science, now unfunded, and still doing some lab work.

I've not heard of anyone being asked to redo a lot of lab work (because they know that's going to be difficult as people might not have funding etc) so I imagine it's quite rare.

I think it is more 'write up what you have got' and that will be ok, as you have described.

Probably overseas is going to be better

Oh I see, I didn't realise it was as random as that with the visa applications!

I don't know much about European university processes apart from the UK.

I was studying in the US recently and I met a couple of Iranian students there, so yes they do grant Iranian student visas! If the university has accepted your application they will be sponsoring your visa so I'm sure you will be fine. Do you have a scholarship as well? You can work as a teaching assistance to cover fees and cost of living, but it will be very hard. You will have to work at least 20 hours per week in your department and still do as much work on your PhD as everyone else, and they generally work long hours in the US with few holidays.

Hello to you all :)

What country are you from and what are you studying? It's true that in the UK students have to pay fees if they don't get scholarships, but in the sciences, most UK students and most European students can get scholarships for fees and a stipend if they are successful in their application. Commonwealth students can often get scholarships too.

This is difficult, but also quite common for international PhD students I think. The first thing to remember is that the work you have done is not really yours, it belongs to your supervisor and university, so they are within their rights to write it up and publish it. This isn't good practice however and most supervisors will put their students as first authors even if the supervisors write the paper.

Yes you can get a postdoc with a co-authored paper, but obviously first author is better.

Also, this is your PhD. You don't have to wait for your supervisor to invite you to a conference, find one and apply for it, and if you want to know what is happening with the paper, ask your supervisor.

I don't know about CS. It would be enough for Biology.

I would email them if I were you, especially if you already know the PI.

Are you saying you want to apply for a PhD in computer science, but you don't have a MSc in CS? I think you might find that difficult. Generally you need good background subject knowledge and they expect qualifications to prove this. 2.1 and 74% for a Masters is fine,