I can't answer your questions, just wanted to say everyone makes mistakes, it's part of being human. Your supervisor has reacted badly, why not write an email just outlining the issue. Take ownership 'I misunderstood and submitted this without discussion', highlight the consequences 'I understand this must have caused you annoyance and seemed disrespectful', highlight intentions 'it was never my intention to make you feel this' apologies 'I am sorry this occurred' and then offer a solution 'I can contact XYZ to ask the submission be held until we have discussed this fully' and then affirm 'I hope this will not affect our working relationship'
It's difficult with things being over email as we can't really read tone, but in all honesty, everyone makes mistakes and your supervisor will have made many in their life!