I have no doubt that some people at some institutions will operate a de facto blacklist but a more likely scenario may be happening.
If I received a CV showing a failed PhD attempt I would probably not want to interview that person for my vacant PhD position unless I was struggling to recruit. If I did interview you, you would expect a very tough set of questions about what went wrong.
From what I have seen, Academics are a pretty risk averse bunch. You may be having problems because of this.